A Federal Judge Just Vacated the US Visa Freeze for 39 Countries. Here's What Changes.

On June 5, 2026, Chief U.S. District Judge John J. McConnell Jr. of the federal court in Rhode Island issued a 135-page ruling vacating four Trump administration policies that had frozen immigration benefits for nationals of 39 countries since the start of the year. The ruling — in Dorcas International Institute of Rhode Island v. USCIS — orders USCIS to resume processing green cards, work permits, citizenship applications, and asylum decisions affecting hundreds of thousands of pending cases.

This is the most consequential US immigration ruling of the year, and it lands on the population our readers have been asking about for months. If you have a pending application, or a family member with one, this is the news that changes your timeline.

It is also, importantly, not the end of the story. The Department of Justice is expected to appeal, the underlying travel-restriction proclamations remain in force, and a separate State Department pause on immigrant visa issuance abroad — affecting a broader 75-country list — was not addressed by this ruling. What's actually different starting this week is the USCIS processing of cases for people already in the queue. The political and legal fight over the broader restrictions continues.

Here's what the ruling actually says, who it affects, and what affected applicants should do right now.

What Judge McConnell ruled

Judge McConnell, the chief judge of the federal district court in Rhode Island, found that USCIS acted unlawfully when it imposed processing freezes on applications from nationals of 39 countries earlier this year. The ruling vacates four specific policies, not one freeze:

1. The Benefits Hold Policy — placed all immigration benefit applications from nationals of the 39 travel-ban countries on indefinite hold pending "comprehensive review."
2. The Global Asylum Hold Policy — paused all USCIS asylum decisions regardless of country of origin.
3. The Comprehensive Re-Review Policy — directed USCIS to reopen and re-examine approved applications filed by nationals of the 39 countries since January 20, 2021.
4. The Country-Specific Factors Policy — directed officers to treat an applicant's country of birth or citizenship as a "significant negative factor" in discretionary decisions when the country was subject to the travel ban.

The court found all four policies violated the Administrative Procedure Act and conflicted with existing immigration law, were "arbitrary and capricious" because USCIS could not provide a reasoned explanation, and that the administration's intent was rooted in "unlawful bigotry" against immigrants from certain countries — language the judge used directly. The government, the court noted, refused to defend in court the public statements President Trump and Secretary Noem had made about the affected populations.

The court ordered USCIS to resume normal adjudication of pending cases. It did not strike down the underlying travel-restriction proclamations — those remain in place under Presidential Proclamations 10949 (June 2025) and 10998 (December 2025).

How we got here — and what the "75 countries" number actually refers to

If you read our March 31 coverage, the figure that circulated was "75 countries." That's a real number, but it refers to a different policy. To untangle:

• June 4, 2025: Presidential Proclamation 10949 — restricted entry from 19 countries (12 full bans, 7 partial).
• December 16, 2025: Presidential Proclamation 10998 — expanded the restriction to 39 countries plus Palestinian Authority travel documents. Took effect January 1, 2026.
• January 1, 2026: USCIS policy memorandum — froze benefit adjudication for nationals of those 39 countries. This is what McConnell just vacated.
• Separately, the State Department paused immigrant visa issuance at US embassies for nationals of approximately 75 countries. That State Department pause remains in effect — McConnell's ruling does not touch it.

So the McConnell ruling unfreezes USCIS adjudication for the 39 — green cards, work permits, citizenship, asylum decisions for people already in the US or in the pipeline. It does not unfreeze the State Department's 75-country pause on new immigrant visa issuance at embassies abroad. If you were trying to get to the US through consular processing from one of the 75 countries, you may still be blocked.

The 39 countries on Proclamation 10998 span Africa (most heavily), Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and parts of Europe and Central Asia. The full list is in the proclamation text itself, which we'd recommend checking against your specific nationality rather than relying on any third-party summary — the list was amended between June 2025 and December 2025, and partial vs. full restrictions vary by country.

What's unfrozen, starting this week

For nationals of the 39 affected countries, USCIS is now required to resume processing:

• Adjustment of status (I-485) — pending green-card applications inside the US
• Naturalization (N-400) — citizenship applications
• Employment authorization (I-765) — work permits, including OPT and DACA renewals
• Asylum decisions — pending affirmative asylum cases
• Travel documents — advance parole and reentry permits
• Family-based immigrant petitions (I-130) — including spousal petitions

What's not addressed by this ruling:

• Consular processing at US embassies abroad — the State Department's separate 75-country pause remains
• The underlying travel bans — Proclamations 10949 and 10998 still restrict entry
• The diversity lottery and certain employment-visa categories had separate restrictions that may persist

In practical terms: if you had a green card or citizenship application in the US that was frozen because of your nationality, the freeze is over. If you were trying to get to the US from a restricted country through consular processing, the underlying travel restriction may still block you.

What pending applicants should do this week

Based on what the ruling actually orders and how USCIS typically reacts to district court orders:

1. Pull your USCIS account online and check the status of any pending case. Status changes from "Suspended" or "On Hold" to "Pending" should start appearing within 7–14 days.
2. If your case was actively denied solely because of the freeze, talk to your immigration lawyer about a Motion to Reopen — the ruling provides explicit grounds.
3. File any pending I-485, N-400, I-130, or I-765 documents you've been holding. USCIS is required to accept them.
4. Don't expect retroactive priority-date credit automatically. If your I-485 was paused for four months, those four months are gone — file follow-on paperwork (RFE responses, biometrics, work permit renewals) on the normal schedule from here.
5. Watch for the DOJ appeal. A notice of appeal and likely emergency stay request to the First Circuit are expected within 30 days. A stay would let USCIS refreeze pending appeal; absent a stay, the order remains in effect.

What happens next — the appeal calculus

The typical appellate timeline for cases of this type:

• Within 30 days: DOJ files notice of appeal and likely emergency stay motion to the First Circuit Court of Appeals (Boston).
• 30–90 days: First Circuit rules on stay. If denied, McConnell's order stays in effect through the full appeal. If granted, the freeze reimposes pending the full ruling.
• 6–12 months: First Circuit ruling on the merits. If affirmed, the freeze is dead. If reversed, the case likely goes en banc or to the Supreme Court — another 12–18 months.

The base case: the freeze stays vacated through summer 2026 at minimum, with the question of permanent resolution unsettled into 2027. The legal merits are strong — APA violations and unreasoned policymaking are the kind of grounds appellate courts uphold reliably — but the political reality is that an unsuccessful appeal doesn't end the underlying restrictions, and the administration has other levers (the State Department pause, the underlying proclamations) that this ruling didn't touch.

If you're affected — and asking "is the US still worth it?"

If you're a national of one of the 39 countries and you're now reconsidering whether the US is the right long-term move, this is exactly what Plan B is built for.

Try our Plan B Strategy tool — 12 questions about your nationality, current visa status, income, family, and timeline, and our AI ranks the top 5 countries that actually fit your profile, with the visa pathway for each, the tax angle for your passport, and a 90-day action plan. Built in about 2 minutes from current 2026 data.

For nationals of the 39 countries specifically, the most-asked-about alternatives in our inbox:

• Canada Express Entry via the STEM category-based draw — most relevant for tech workers; note Canada removed job-offer CRS points in March 2025, which changes the math from earlier guides
• Germany Blue Card — shortage-occupation threshold €45,934/yr (effective Jan 2026), EU passport path at 6–8 years
• Portugal D7 / D8 — Atlantic gateway, though the 10-year citizenship law shifted the long-term math in May
• UK Skilled Worker — sponsor requirement, 5-year settlement
• Australia Skilled Migration — slower invitation cycles but durable PR

What this means for the broader US immigration trajectory

Zoom out: between the visa bonds requirement, the social media screening regime, continuous vetting, and the parallel State Department 75-country pause on immigrant visa issuance — the underlying direction of US immigration policy in 2025–26 is restrictive. McConnell's ruling pushes back on one specific set of implementations, but the political will behind the broader restrictions hasn't changed.

For a foreign national making a 5–10 year decision about where to build a life, the honest read is: the US remains available for entry through visa categories that aren't currently frozen, but the predictability of the system — the thing that used to make the US the default choice — is meaningfully worse than it was in 2023. A court ruling can vacate a policy. It can't vacate the underlying volatility.

Quick reference

• Ruling: June 5, 2026 · Chief Judge John J. McConnell Jr., US District Court, Rhode Island
• Case: Dorcas International Institute of Rhode Island v. USCIS
• Length: 135 pages
• Four policies vacated: Benefits Hold, Global Asylum Hold, Comprehensive Re-Review, Country-Specific Factors
• Affected nationals: 39 countries plus Palestinian Authority travel documents (per Presidential Proclamations 10949 and 10998)
• Benefits unfrozen: I-485, N-400, I-130, I-765, asylum decisions, travel documents
• Not addressed: State Department's separate 75-country pause on immigrant visa issuance at embassies; underlying Proclamations 10949 and 10998
• Appeal expected: DOJ Notice of Appeal within 30 days; emergency stay motion likely
• Realistic timeline: Freeze remains vacated through summer 2026 minimum; full resolution into 2027
• What pending applicants should do: Pull USCIS account, file held documents, talk to immigration lawyer if previously denied solely on freeze grounds

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Sources: American Immigration Council — Federal Court Blocks Sweeping Pause on Legal Immigration for Nationals of 39 Countries; Boston Globe — Federal court in Rhode Island strikes down Trump immigration freeze based on nationality; PBS NewsHour — Judge strikes down Trump policy that halted asylum decisions for 39 countries; Erickson Immigration Group — Federal Court Blocks DHS Immigration Policy Targeting 39 Countries; National Law Review — Federal Court Vacates USCIS Benefits Hold Affecting Applicants From 39 Countries.

Plaintiffs were represented by Democracy Forward (Skye Perryman, President and CEO). The plaintiff coalition included Dorcas International Institute of Rhode Island, Refugee Dream Center, Service Employees International Union, United Automobile Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, African Communities Together, Venezuelan Association of Massachusetts, Partnership for the Advancement of New Americans, and American Gateways.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Consult a licensed US immigration lawyer before making decisions about your pending applications or visa strategy. The legal landscape on this issue is actively shifting — verify current status against the court docket and your USCIS account before acting.